The cause of the Six Day War

The cause of the Six Day War The immediate causes of war can be traced back to Soviet plotting. A large parade was planned for Israel Independence Day, but after some controversy, heavy weapons were not permitted in the capital. The Soviets took advantage of the situation and claimed that the reason was because Israel was amassing its army on the northern border with Syria. This information was quickly passed to the Egyptian president who declared a state of emergency and sent troops to the Sinai Peninsula. The claims were debunked but ignored and Egypt continues the troop buildup. In response Israel sent troops and tank companies to the southern border. On the morning of the May 16, the number of Egyptian and Palestinian troops in the Sinai had tripled overnight. Egyptian planes began a reconnaissance of the nuclear reactor in Dimona on May 17 prompting Israel to call up 18,000 reservists. War seemed imminent on May 18 as the Egyptian General in charge of the Sinai forces stated on Cairo radio The Egyptian forc es have taken up positions in accordance with our predetermined plans. The morale of our armed forces is very high; for this is the day they have so long been waiting for, for this holy war (Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America). By May 20 more than 80,000 Israeli reservists had been called up to active duty. On May 22 Egypt committed an act of war by blocking Israeli shipping through the Strait of Tiran. Israel made several attempts at diplomacy for the rest of the month and appealed to the U.S. for support. The U.S. rejected a preemptive strike but offered aid in returning access to the Strait of Tiran. By the end of the month the surrounding Arab nations had made several alliances and defense pacts, Israel now surrounded by 500,000 troops, more than 5,000 tanks, and almost 1,000 fighter planes (Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America). Israel received word that the U.S. could support a preemptive strike and the newly appointed defense minister, Moshe Dayan finalized the war plan. On June 4, the Israeli cabinet learned that France had issued an arms embargo on the region and once again the U.S. no longer supported a preemptive strike and also issued an arms embargo. The U.S. State department announced that Our position is neutral in thought, word and deed (Bard, The 1 967 Six-Day War). Never the less, the cabinet voted 12-2 for a preemptive strike that would begin the following morning. WAR The Israelis faced a war on three battlefronts, the borders with Egypt, Jordan and Syria. On the Egyptian front the Israelis attacked with unexpected force. The attack was two-phased, phase one was a simultaneous air and ground attack designed to break into the country. Phase two was designed to exploit the success of phase one and attack the remaining forces in the Sinai. Phase one was a complete success, Israel attacked with 90% of its Air Force inventory, more than double what Egypt expected. Additionally the air attack began not at dawn as expected but strategically at 0745 when most of the Egyptian leadership was out of contact in traffic. The air attack first concentrated on disabling the enemy runways then concentrating on bombers and MiG fighter jets before expanding the attack to include all aircraft types and strategic missile and radar locations. The ground attack was a threefold attack coming from the north, east and west. The battles were fought the night before and the morning of June 6 and by mid-day all the Israeli targets were captured. Israel had successfully broken through Egyptian defenses in central Sinai and severely damaged the rest of Egypts defenses. Phase twos purpose was to exploit the success of phase one but due to the rapid success of phase one many Egyptian citizens and even soldiers did not know the gravity of the situation. The Egyptian military chief, Marshal Amer was well aware of the disaster and was unable to maintain control. He began sending contradicting orders to the battlefront before he ordered a complete retreat. After a mere 96 hours the war in the Sinai was over (Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America). On the Jordanian front, Jordan had placed approximately 45,000 troops within the West Bank on 10 of 11 bridges into Israel. The morning of June 5 Jordan began an air attack on Israel and Jordan received false intelligence that Egypt had crippled 75 percent of the Israeli Air Force and began an invasion of Israel. Israel did not immediately respond but by mid-day it was clear that a war with Jordan could not be avoided and they began a counterattack. Israel began by recovering land lost that morning during the initial Jordanian attack and then began moving toward Jerusalem. At the end of the first day of fighting the Israel air and ground forces were successful in isolating Jerusalem. The next day Israel continued their assault on Jerusalem and by the morning of June 7 Israel took the last objective of the Temple Mount, the holiest site in Judaism. Israel continued into the West Bank and by that evening both sides agreed to a UN cease fire, ending the fighting and leaving Israel total control of Jerusalem and the West Bank. On the Syrian front, Syria had received false soviet intelligence claiming that Israel was preparing for an offensive. In response to the warning, Syria activated its mutual defense pact with Egypt and began deploying its troops along its 40 miles of border between Israel. On the first day of the war, Syria began air attacks on northern communities and attempted a strike on the Haifa oil refineries. The Israeli Air Force responded by attacking Syrian airbases. The next day Syria increased their attacks and sent two companies across the border. The attacking Syrians were held off by local defenses until the Israeli Air Force responded and pushed them back over the border. By the fourth day of the war on June 8, Syria accepted a UN cease fire but after only five hours they disregarded the cease fire. With a majority of Israeli forced currently in the Sinai and the West Bank, Israel had only taken defensive positions and had not begun an offensive with Syria. This gave Syria the false s ense of security in their positions on the Golan Heights. After achieving victory in the Sinai, Israeli resources could turn their attention to the north. On June 9 the Israeli Air Force began bombing the Golan Heights. By mid-day Israeli ground forced had crossed into Syrian territory. By the next morning, Israeli forces were approximately 10 km out of Quneitra and Damascus radio announced the fall of the city hoping to enlist the aid of the Soviets. However, the tactic backfired and Syrian soldiers in the Golan panicked and fled. By nightfall the fighting in the Golan Heights ended and the Six-Day was over. IMMEDIATE EFFECTS Immediately after the war the Arab nations continued to reject Zionism and vowed to continue to oppose Israel, they demanded no peace deals and no negotiations with Israel. On June 9 U.S. President Johnson offered his five principles for peace in the region. Despite the opposition from the other nations in the region, Israeli Prime Minister Levi Eshkol agrees to use the five principles for future negotiations. Five months later the United Nations Security Council delivered Resolution 242. The resolution was carefully worded to act as a guide for negotiating peace. Shortly after the resolution was passed, Jordan and Israel recognized the resolution. Later Egypt also recognized their own interpretation of it, and continued to state that they would not negotiate with or recognize Israel. Syria refused to accept the resolution and declared it was only another form of occupation (Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America). LONG TERM EFFECTS One of the biggest long term effects of the Six-Day War was the number of Arab refugees from the West Bank. Jordans decision to attack Israel caused many Arabs to flee the West Bank into the East Bank in Jordan. When Israel gained the West Bank many Arabs that fled were now homeless. Eventually most of the refugees were allowed to return and prospered due to increased economic growth. After the war Israel began to invest in the infrastructure of the West Bank and created policies that allowed Arabs to move freely over the border. Despite the economic prosperity in the region that lasted more than two decades, Palestinian leadership continued violent attacks that had led to increased Israeli security measures. Israel did eventually return the Sinai to Egypt, giving up many developed towns, strategic military positions and oil fields (Bard, Israel Makes Peace with Egypt). In return for returning the Sinai, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty that has been able to maintain peace for the last two decades. Despite progress with Egypt the other surrounding Arab nations continue hostilities with Israel, with the latest conflict beginning in 2008 along the Israeli-Lebanese border.

Foster innovative behavior Essay

For a company to compete in today’s competitive business world is increasingly a function of how proficient they are at innovation. The goal of a company is to increase profitability, increase growth and innovation and introduce new values/norms/culture into the company. In order for a company to remain competitive, it must have maximum quality, minimum cost and maintain peak performance. The design of the organization is crucial to innovation. In ways a company structure links its personnel in various specialties, such as research and marketing, gages the speed a company can introduce new products into the market. In its reflection, you cannot overlook the fact that the company culture has an impact on the people to be innovative. Culture defined as entrepreneurial norms and values is mostly likely fostering innovation than a culture that embraces conservatism and/or bureaucracy. In my experience the creation of a structure that fosters innovative behavior, begins with top leadership equipped to provide vision, inspiration, and conviction to demonstrate integrity, provide meaning, develop objectives, generates trust, and communicates values. As a leader, you must do more than just hold the title; as a CEO, you must exercise leadership through setting the example for others to emulate. Leaders must also influence and motivate managers to incorporate vision, strategic planning, and elements of quality management into the full range of the organization’s activities. Leaders must be knowledgeable of the fact that creativity and innovation is the heart and soul of their organization. New ideas can lead to programs/products that are superior to those already in existence or planned in an organization. Toyota for example has lead the way by targeting the 20 – 30 something and has come with a new line of cars. Other car manufacture’s are lagging behind and are just now starting to target that consumer group. This translates into a new design, outfitting of the 3 models they have brought on the market. Toyota also brought Hybrid cars to the US. Other car manufacturers are catching on now. Leaders should be continuously searching for new ideas and programs that supersede what the organization is currently committed to and producing. Let’s dub it as progression. According to Jones  (2004) in his textbook † the most critical elements of managers responsibilities is to select the right structure. Thus, flatten the organizational structure hierarchy to accomplish the main objective which is to establish greater control and coordination†. The selection of an â€Å"organic culture coupled with a decentralized line of authority† promotes high input/innovation and output according to the author Jones (2004). But of no system is perfect, even with the best of intention. For example, the adaptation of of organic culture, in some situation may cause management to loose control of personnel supervision and work efficiency. Additionally, informal norms and values develop that emphasize personal competence, expertise, and the ability to act in innovative ways. Status is achieved by the ability to provide creative leadership, not by any formal position in the hierarchy. Most centralized authority systems do not allow you to exhibit your full potential; deviation from the standard due to control factors is being stifled. The detrimental factor of this system is that it is impossible to create team, creativity, positive norms, values, and beliefs. Because there is such a lack of interaction between us (employees) and them (authority figures),† us against them† thinking can begin to creep in; people become lethargic and creativity and motivation is stifled. According to Jones (2004): the advantage of a decentralization is that it promotes flexibility and responsiveness through delegating authority to the lowest possible level to assist managers to make decisive on the spot decision. Leaders remain accountable for such their action (good judgment is prudent in a manager decision), but this also give a manager the opportunity demonstrate their personal skills and competence and would be more motivated to perform well for the organization. Leaders must also be able to identify and integrate key issues affecting the company such as political, economics, social, technological, and administrative factors. The kiss of death for most organizations is remaining steadfast on previous accomplishments. Organizations must subscribe to a progressive stance, because technology and productivity decreases the distance between what is up to date now and obsolete tomorrow; outside the box thinkers are a vital part of an organization and they need  to have the ears of top managers; top managers also much be innovative thinkers, don’t rest on past accomplishments, and create programs, incentives, where out -of -the box thinking is rewarded. Suggestion boxes and rewards can serve as great incentives. This in turn will allow employees to tap into their creative side, may save dollars to the company, and increase worker’s satisfaction, for it increases a sense of vital contribution to an organization. Reference: Jones,Gareth , R. (2004). Organizational Theory, Design, and Change (4th ed). New Jersey

Attitudes towards women, and their role in American...

Attitudes towards women, and their role in American Musical Theatre. For my essay, I am going to look at the attitudes towards women, both from men and other women, and the significant role that that women had in telling the stories in American musical theatre. Showboat was the first musical of its kind. Up to this point, musicals consisted of songs and dances, with often feeble storylines based around the big stars. Showboat had a real story, adapted from a novel, and both the singing and dancing told the story. At the beginning of Showboat, after we have been introduced to the main characters, we hear the main female characters attitude towards men and love. Fish got to swim, birds got to fly, I got to love one man†¦show more content†¦The musical starts with a woman singing Summertime, to lull her baby to sleep. When this fails, her husband has a try. He sings A woman is a sometime thing, this song shows the attitude of the men towards their women in the community, that they are less respected than men. Bess is clearly outside the close-knit Catfish Row community. She is a bar girl and drug addict, who is in total contrast to the stereotypical, hard-working, religious women of Catfish Row. Crown (Bess partner) kills a gambling partner and leaves Bess in Catfish Row while he runs away from the police. Porgy and Bess become a couple, and we see Bess changing. She starts to dress like the women of Catfish Row and gives money to help bury Claras husband (who Crown killed). The womens attitude towards her changes and they stop seeing her as a tart and start looking at her as a friend. Bess doesnt have a theme of her own, instead adopting part of the theme of whoever shes with. The loneliness theme that she absorbs is used by Gershwin to show that Bess love can take away Porgys loneliness. Later this theme adoption is used to link Bess with Sportin life. We are also shown Bess dependence on other people as she doesnt sing a song on her own. By using Porgys range of a perfect fifth (used throughout the musical to show community and togetherness) she shows that she is starting to fit in. Then her past catchesShow MoreRelated M. Butterfly, Written by David Henry Hwang Essay800 Words   |  4 PagesAs a big crucible, the United States is well known for its multiplicity of races. In order to maintain the diversity, the American government not only receives people from different backgrounds, but also sends American to all over the world in order to learn from various cultures. Even though countries become increasingly closer in their relations, there still exists numerous stereotypes and negative labeling among multi-ethnic groups, which are most common between oriental and western. Along withRead MoreEssay on American Musicals2785 Words   |  12 PagesAmerican Musicals From the ‘American Dream’ to the ‘Rock-Opera’. 1950 to 1978 were the hopeless years for the musical. American musical theatre had been showing signs of exhaustion. This most seemingly illogical of genres carries its own ‘ideological project’. Before this, musicals not only demonstrated singing and dancing; they were about singing and dancing, explaining the importance of that experience. Not only did musicals give the most intense pleasure to their audience but also suppliedRead MoreTheatre Personnel : Presentation Of An Career Divided Under The Umbrella Of Theater Profession1574 Words   |  7 PagesYingci Chen Professor Andrew Laine 22 September 2015 Theatre Personnel Paper 1 During last week’s lecture I learned that there is a variety of career divided under the umbrella of theater profession. Before attending that lecture I only thought that a play, musical, movie, drama or any other performance only requires the producer, the director, the cast, and crews that helps out in between times. I never thought that there are lots of other significant personnel that are needed to produce a performanceRead MoreTheater Studies Year Two First Assignment Essay2384 Words   |  10 PagesNASDA THEATRE STUDIES YEAR TWO FIRST ASSIGNMENT: ESSAY Gin and guns—either one is bad enough, but together they get you in a dickens of a mess, don t they.—Accused murderer Belva Gaertner, 1924 (National Geographic, N.D) Sequins, glamour, sex and murder sounds like the stuff movies are made of but the award winning, longest running American musical Chicago is based on the true murder cases of Belva Gaertner and Beulah Annan who were accused of killing their partners under the influence of alcoholRead More Latinos, Politics, and American Cinema Essay3885 Words   |  16 PagesLatinos, Politics, and American Cinema Feature films in the United States influence American viewers attitudes on a wide variety of topics. 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I’m just afraid he might on one day left me for another young women.† Bill Sampson:Read MoreLena Horne : An American Icon3136 Words   |  13 Pages LENA HORNE: AN AMERICAN ICON Fela Langston MUSI 305 Section A Dr. Zigler 13 May 2015 Lena Horne: an American Icon Lena Horne, born Lena Mary Calhoun Horne in Brooklyn, New York was an American jazz vocalist, actress and civil rights activist who lived from June 30, 1917 to May 9, 2010. Although Horne’s beauty and her elegance received praise throughout her career, her talents and impact on American society are equally unforgettable. She was an eight timeRead MoreRome Sweet Rome, The Q Brothers Collective Use Essay1869 Words   |  8 Pagesauthors deliver messages about their opinions on various issues ranging from gender roles to class ranks. These messages are developed to provoke thoughts and questions from people who experience performances. 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Aquatic Therapy A Therapy - 1913 Words

Aquatic therapy is a therapy that is done on water instead of land. Aquatic therapy can include water weights, exercises in water, and water aerobics. Some programs will combine both land and water exercises, and other just water exercises. Aquatic therapy is taking weight off people so people are not bearing all their body weight like they are on land. Aquatic therapy can be used for many different types of illness, diseases, syndromes, disorders, pain, and musculoskeletal problems. Especially, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, low back pain. Aquatic therapy continues to be improving and is becoming more popular. So I’m going to be discussing the different types of illness, diseases, syndromes, disorders, pain, and musculoskeletal problems and explain if aquatic therapy helps manage their symptoms, or cures them. Aquatic therapy helps people with fibromyalgia deal with managing their symptoms. Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease that causes muscle fatigue, pain, and tenderness. They get stiff muscle and muscle spasms. Aquatic therapy is used to manage their pain, increase muscle strength, maintain overall functional activity, and work on fatiguing. A huge benefit with aquatic therapy with these people are they won’t get as easily fatigue in water like they do on land due to not having to carry so much weight as they move making it easier on their body. A research article from Clinical Rehabilitation in the October 2013 edition titled â€Å"The effectiveness of aquaticShow MoreRelatedAquatic Therapy : A Therapy Essay1325 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction: Aquatic therapy is a therapy that is done on water instead of land. Aquatic therapy can include water weights, exercises in the water, and water aerobics. Some programs will combine both land and water exercises, and other just water exercises. 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Since we have these two specific types of physical therapy, we willRead MoreAquatic Therapy : A Type Of Physical Therapy Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Aquatic therapy is a type of physical therapy that is done on water instead of land. Aquatic therapy can include water weights, exercises in the water, and water aerobics. Some programs will combine both land and water exercises, and others will be just aquatic exercises. 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As aquatic therapy being labeled one of the best forms of rehabilitation for people with injuries like: spinal inflammation, balance troubles, and more, by doctors, this paper aims to focus on the voice of the patients and how they feel aquatic therapy effects them? The study done concentrates on an aquatic therapy center built by Elizabeth Taylor in a city named CulverRead MoreIs The Water Based Exercise?1638 Words   |  7 Pagesmaking is the water-based exercise is a great tool to use for people with osteoarthritis. The conclusion of both studies shows aquatic therapy helps people with osteoarthritis with keeping the patient active, strengthening their joints, pain relief, and helping them to not fatigue as quickly as land exercises or activities would do. The third diagnose or symptoms aquatic therapy can help is low back pain. Low back pain can be caused by multiple factors like over usage, bad posture, injury, musculoskeletal

Essay about American Capitalism - 3831 Words

American Capitalism Capitalism - An economic and political system in which a countrys trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. America was an ideal breeding ground for capitalism, a relatively new country, in need of young entrepreneurs to kick start its already buoyant economy. The country was an ideal place to get rich quick, an idea that inspired the immigrants that poured into it each year. In America it seemed you could turn your rags to riches in no time at all. Its this idea that fueled the American Dream Capitalism was motivated in the 20s by the Republican government. They believed in non-interference or laissez faire, the†¦show more content†¦People facing religious or political persecution, or just plain poverty came to America to alleviate themselves from negative aspects of life. This was an important part of the American dream as it made many immigrants cross the seas to seek this liberty. On the surface American capitalism seemed to be helping the country no-end. There were several visible indications of the prosperity. Mass production meant that technological advances such as washing machines and hovers became available to many families. The inflating wages helped to fund the new streak of consumerism that swept the country, Americas wages were far higher than any comparitable jobs over the world. New motor cars were popping up all over the place, thanks to Henry Ford, a figure often used to symbolise the American dream as he was so successful, and even today is a household name. A newly founded advertising industry worked its tricky magic amongst the susceptible citizens, making goods seem all the more glamorous. Easy credit helped in the purchase of the goods once a person was dedicated to enriching their life with it. For those who lived far from shops and arcades came mail order catalogues and travelling salesmen, meaning people all over America could enjoy th e wonders of consumerism. Prosperity could also been seen in the low unemployment rates, helped considerably by the roaring construction industry,Show MoreRelatedCritique Of American Capitalism And Capitalism2411 Words   |  10 PagesCapitalism is not a rigid, inflexible economic and political system—there are many forms of capitalism around the world. It is illustrated as being different variations of capitalism outside the United States; there is the Dutch version, the French version, the British version, as well as the American version. American capitalism implements free-market ideology and that makes the U.S. stand out among other nations. Other nations do not dwell on privatization and deregulation nearly as much as theRead MoreEssay on American Capitalism 2283 Words   |  10 PagesAlthough it holds true that the United States is a global power, the current economic system, capitalism, threatens the states domestic and global stability; the concept of materialistic success creates inequalities between citizens, which, in turn, leads to deviance and rebellion, and the possibility of a fallen capitalistic society. If the United States were to struggle internally, one of two things would happen: all industrialized external forces would exploit on Americas lack of equanimityRead MoreThe Corporate American Model Of Capitalism1316 Words   |  6 PagesCapitalism is good. In reading the articles, it seems scholars are either pro or anti-capitalism. The corporate American model of capitalism is built upon free enterprise and encourages competition. It’s also called the Liberal/Social Democratic model. Our economy, supposedly, encourages and rewards competition and equality. Yet the lack of competition and equality in our economy are issues scholars take aim at the most. George (2013) wrote in his editorial, â€Å"In the United States, income inequalityRead MoreBenefits And Drawbacks Of American Capitalism996 Words   |  4 Pagesand drawback s to American Capitalism. Capitalism is the idea of a free market based economy wherein that economy is organized by individual people and companies rather than the government. This type of economy, in essence, promotes cheaper goods bought and sold, less waste, economic growth, innovation, and overall fairness. However, the American dream is not all it takes in order to pave a path to economic success in our society. In fact, some would argue that American capitalism is the very foundationRead MoreAmerican Capitalism And The Economic System1324 Words   |  6 Pages Wealthy disparity in America is greater than it has ever been, yet nothing seems to be done by the government to fix it. Bridging the wealth gap in America would require government regulation from government, but the American government is controlled by the wealthy. Rich business owners give large sums of money towards political campaigns, thus gaining them political favor. Along with a corrupted government, large corporations have taken up almost all market share in their respective industriesRead MoreAmericans love freedom we love money we love capitalism. Capitalism is most definitely an1200 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans love freedom; we love money; we love capitalism. Capitalism is most definitely an element of dominant culture amongst the citizens of the United States. In American culture it is easy to see that many of our institutions, including public schools, indoctrinate the children whom they serve with a common American idealism: capitalism is good, communism is bad. Being a citizen of the United States and not being a capitalist is verging upon the fringe of an unwritten taboo. If there isRead MoreCapitalism And The American Worker1331 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the 19th and 20th century capitalism was on a rise and many writers had different perspectives on the positives and negatives of capitalism and how it shaped America. Thomas DiLorenzo who wrote How Capitalism Enriched the Working Class, focused on how the world became better because of capitalism. Melvyn Dubofsky’s Industrialism and the American Worker, focused on how the lives of working people were deteriorated because of the development of labor and what conditions these people facedRead MoreSlavery And The Making Of American Capitalism1153 Words   |  5 PagesJose Arciga Robert Dean History 110 11.10.15 Essay Prompt The Half Has Never Been Told :Slavery and the making of American Capitalism Back when America was being shaped, tobacco was the main slave produced trade in the colonies. Plantations all across the south had a majority of the slaves from Africa brought here on ships. Forced to work for their slave owners. Tobacco wasn t the only booming business. Cotton soon came into the picture, the north was a more industrial economy, while the southRead MoreAmerican Capitalism And Soviet Communism1344 Words   |  6 Pages American capitalism and Soviet Communism were incompatible systems; Washington shouldn’t have been surprised to hear this in George Kennan’s long telegram. But the tensions were not always this high between the two word powers. In the end of world war two, â€Å"Stalin s empire was won with reservoirs of soviet blood†(cite 1). The thought to be never ending Soviet army was not limitless anymore. The estimated cost of the war was at 2.6 trillion(cite 4), with most of the population wanting to focusRead MoreThe Battle of European Socialism vs. American Capitalism2286 Words   |  10 PagesBattle of European Socialism vs. American Capitalism† Let the battle begin, on the left we have European Socialism and on the right we have American Capitalism! Round One: What is Capitalism? Capitalism is regarded as an economic system and a political strategy distinguished by certain characteristics whose development is conditioned by numerous variables. So how is Capitalism viewed in the United States of America? American Capitalism can be viewed in multiple fashions:

Revised GRE Free Essays

[pic] GRADUATE RECORD EXAMINATIONS ® Practice General Test #1 Answer Key for Sections 1-4 Copyright  © 2010 by Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved. ETS, the ETS logo, GRADUATE RECORD EXAMINATIONS, and GRE are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS) in the United States and other countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Revised GRE or any similar topic only for you Order Now Revised GRE ® Practice Test Number 1 Answer Key for Section 1. Verbal Reasoning. 25 Questions. Question 1 Answer: A. In various parts of the world, civilizations that could not make iron from ore fashioned tools out of fragments of iron from meteorites. Question 2 Answer: A. An increased focus on the importance of engaging the audience in a narrative Question 3 Answer: C. speak to Question 4 Answer: A. People with access to an electric washing machine typically wore their clothes many fewer times before washing them than did people without access to electric washing machines. Question 5 Answer: C. insular Answer in context: In the 1950’s, the country’s inhabitants were insular: most of them knew very little about foreign countries. Question 6 Answer: E. insincere Answer in context: Since she believed him to be both candid and trustworthy, she refused to consider the possibility that his statement had been insincere. Question 7 Answer: A. maturity Answer in context: It is his dubious distinction to have proved what nobody would think of denying, that Romero at the age of sixty-four writes with all the characteristics of maturity. Question 8 Answer: C. comparing two scholarly debates and discussing their histories Question 9 Answer: D. identify a reason for a certain difference in the late 1970’s between the origins debate and the debate over American women’s status Question 10 Answer: D. Their approach resembled the approach taken in studies by Wood and by Mullin in that they were interested in the experiences of people subjected to a system of subordination. Question 11 Answer: A. gave more attention to the experiences of enslaved women Question 12 Answer: A. construe F. collude in Answer in context: The narratives that vanquished peoples have created of their defeat have, according to Schivelbusch, fallen into several identifiable types. In one of these, the vanquished manage to construe the victor’s triumph as the result of some spurious advantage, the victors being truly inferior where it counts. Often the winners collude in this interpretation, worrying about the cultural or moral costs of their triumph and so giving some credence to the losers’ story. Question 13 Answer: B. settled E. ambiguity G. similarly equivocal Answer in context: I’ve long anticipated this retrospective of the artist’s work, hoping that it would make settled judgments about him possible, but greater familiarity with his paintings highlights their inherent ambiguity and actually makes one’s assessment similarly equivocal. Question 14 Answer: A. a debased E. goose bumps Answer in context: Stories are a haunted genre; hardly a debased kind of story, the ghost story is almost the paradigm of the form, and goose bumps was undoubtedly one effect that Poe had in mind when he wrote about how stories work. Question 15 Answer: C. patent E. improbable Answer in context: Given how patent the shortcomings of the standard economic model are in its portrayal of human behavior, the failure of many economists to respond to them is astonishing. They continue to fill the journals with yet more proofs of yet more improbable theorems. Others, by contrast, accept the criticisms as a challenge, seeking to expand the basic model to embrace a wider range of things people do. Question 16 Answer: B. startling D. jettison Answer in context: The playwright’s approach is startling in that her works jettison the theatrical devices normally used to create drama on the stage. Question 17 Answer: B. create F. logical Answer in context: Scientists are not the only persons who examine the world bout them by the use of rational processes, although they sometimes create this impression by extending the definition of â€Å"scientist† to include anyone who is logical in his or her investigational practices. Question 18 Answer: C. It presents a specific application of a general principle. Question 19 Answer: A. outstrip Question 20 Answer: B. It is a mistake to think that the natural world contains many areas of pristine wilderness. Question 21 Answer: C. coincident with Question 22 Sentence to be Completed: Dreams are BLANK in and of themselves, but, when combined with other data, they can tell us much about the dreamer. Answer: D. inscrutable, F. uninformative Question 23 Sentence to be Completed: Linguistic science confirms what experienced users of ASL—American Sign Language—have always implicitly known:   ASL is a grammatically BLANK language, as capable of expressing a full range of syntactic relations as any natural spoken language. Answer: A. complete, F. unlimited Question 24 Sentence to be Completed: The macromolecule RNA is common to all living beings, and DNA, which is found in all organisms except some bacteria, is almost as BLANK. Answer: D. universal, F. ubiquitous Question 25 Sentence to be Completed: Early critics of Emily Dickinson’s poetry mistook for simple-mindedness the surface of artlessness that in fact she constructed with such BLANK. Answer: B. craft, C. cunning This is the end of the answer key for Revised GRE Practice Test 1, Section 1. Revised GRE Practice Test Number 1 Answer Key for Section 2. Verbal Reasoning. 25 Questions. Question 1 Sentence to be Completed: In the long run, high-technology communications cannot BLANK more traditional face-to-face family togetherness, in Aspinall’s view. Answer: C. supercede, F. supplant Question 2 Sentence to be Completed: Even in this business, where BLANK is part of everyday life, a talent for lying is not something usually found on one’s resume. Answer: B. mendacity, C. prevarication Question 3 Sentence to be Completed: A restaurant’s menu is generally reflected in its decor; however despite this restaurant’s BLANK appearance it is pedestrian in the menu it offers. Answer: A. elegant, F. chic (spelled C H I C) Question 4 Sentence to be Completed: International financial issues are typically BLANK by the United States media because they are too technical to make snappy headlines and too inaccessible to people who lack a background in economics. Answer: A. neglected, B. slighted Question 5 Sentence to be Completed: While in many ways their personalities could not have been more different—she was ebullient where he was glum, relaxed where he was awkward, garrulous where he was BLANK—they were surprisingly well suited. Answer: D. laconic, F. taciturn Question 6 Answer: D. spirituals Question 7 Answer: B. They had little working familiarity with such forms of American music as jazz, blues, and popular songs. Question 8 Answer: E. neglected Johnson’s contribution to classical symphonic music Question 9 Answer: C. The editorial policies of some early United States newspapers became a counterweight to proponents of traditional values. Question 10 Answer: A. insincerely Question 11 Answer: Blank 1 C. multifaceted Blank 2 F. extraneous Answer in context: The multifaceted nature of classical tragedy in Athens belies the modern image of tragedy:   in the modern view tragedy is austere and stripped down, its representations of ideological and emotional conflicts so superbly compressed that there’s nothing extraneous for time to erode. Question 12 Answer: Blank 1 C. ambivalence Blank 2 E. successful Blank 3 H. assuage Answer in context: Murray, whose show of recent paintings and drawings is her best in many years, has been eminent hereabouts for a quarter century, although often regarded with ambivalence, but the most successful of these aintings assuage all doubts. Question 13 Answer: B. a doctrinaire Answer in context: Far from viewing Jefferson as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historians of the 1960’s portrayed him as a doctrinaire thinker, eager to fill the young with his political orthodoxy while censoring ideas he did not like. Question 14 Answer: C. recapitulates Answer in context: Dr amatic literature often recapitulates the history of a culture in that it takes as its subject matter the important events that have shaped and guided the culture. Question 15 Answer: E. ffirm the thematic coherence underlying Raisin in the Sun Question 16 Answer: C. The painter of this picture could not intend it to be funny; therefore, its humor must result from a lack of skill. Question 17 Answer: E. (Sentence 5) But the play’s complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more â€Å"contradictory† than DuBois’s famous, well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity, or Fanon’s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles. Question 18 Answer: C. Because of shortages in funding, the organizing committee of the choral festival required singers to purchase their own copies of the music performed at the festival. Question 19 Answer: Blank 1 C. mimicking Blank 2 D. transmitted to Answer in context: New technologies often begin by mimicking what has gone before, and they change the world later. Think how long it took power-using companies to recognize that with electricity they did not need to cluster their machinery around the power source, as in the days of steam. Instead, power could be transmitted to their processes. In that sense, many of today’s computer networks are still in the steam age. Their full potential remains unrealized. Question 20 Answer: Blank 1 B. opaque to Blank 2 D. an arcane Answer in context: There has been much hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for college. Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students. In his analysis, the university culture is largely opaque to entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp. Understandably, many students view academic life as an arcane ritual. Question 21 Answer: Blank 1 C. defiant Blank 2 D. disregard for Answer in context: Of course anyone who has ever perused an unmodernized text of Captain Clark’s journals knows that the Captain was one of the most defiant spellers ever to write in English, but despite this disregard for orthographical rules, Clark is never unclear. Question 22 Answer: A. There have been some open jobs for which no qualified FasCorp employee applied. Question 23 Answer: C. presenting a possible explanation of a phenomenon Question 24 Two of the answer choices are correct: A. The pull theory is not universally accepted by scientists. B. The pull theory depends on one of water’s physical properties. Question 25 Answer: E. the mechanism underlying water’s tensile strength This is the end of the answer key for Revised GRE Practice Test 1, Section 2. Revised GRE Practice Test Number 1 Answer Key for Section 3. Quantitative Reasoning. 25  Questions. Question 1 Answer: A. Quantity A is greater. Question 2 Answer: BQuantity B is greater. Question 3 Answer: BQuantity B is greater. Question 4 Answer: D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given. Question 5 Answer: D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given. Question 6 Answer: A. Quantity A is greater. Question 7 Answer: D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given. Question 8 Answer: C. The two quantities are equal. Question 9 Answer: D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given. Question 10 Answer: B. [pic] three halves Question 11 Answer: The answer to question 11 consists of four of the answer choices. A. 12 ° B. 15 ° C. 5 ° D. 50 ° Question 12 Answer: A. 10 Question 13 Answer: D. 15 Question 14 Answer: A. 299 Question 15 Answer: In question 15 you were asked to enter either an integer or a decimal number. The answer to question 15 is 3,600. Question 16 Answer: A. 8 Question 17 Answer: In question 17 you were asked to enter either an integer or a decimal number. The answer to question 17 is 250. Question 18 Answer: C. Three Quest ion 19 Answer: B. Manufacturing. Question 20 Answer: A:5. 2 Question 21 Answer: B. More than half of the titles distributed by M are also distributed by L. Question 22 Answer: A. c  +  d Question 23 Answer: In question 23 you were asked to enter either an integer or a decimal. The answer to question 23 is 36. 5. Question 24 Answer: D. [pic] two fifths Question 25 Answer: D. [pic] three halves This is the end of the answer key for Revised GRE Practice Test 1, Section 3. Revised GRE Practice Test Number 1 Answer Key for Section 4. Quantitative Reasoning. 25   Questions. Question 1 Answer: A. Quantity A is greater. Question 2 Answer: D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given. Question 3 Answer: D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given. Question 4 Answer: D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given. Question 5 Answer: B. Quantity B is greater. Question 6 Answer: A. Quantity A is greater. Question 7 Answer: C. The two quantities are equal. Question 8 Answer: A. Quantity A is greater. Question 9 Answer: C. The two quantities are equal. Question 10 Answer: D:j  k  +  j Question 11 Answer: In question 11 you were asked to enter a fraction. The answer to question 11 is the fraction [pic] one over four. Question 12 Answer: The answer to question 12 consists of four of the answer choices. B. $43,350 C. $47,256 D. $51,996 E. $53,808 Question 13 Answer: E. 676,000 Question 14 Answer: E. [pic] s squared minus p squared Question 15 Answer: B. [pic] k minus 1 Question 16 Answer: B. 110,000 Question 17 Answer: B:3 to 1 Question 18 Answer: E. 1,250 Question 19 Answer: C:948 Question 20 Answer: The answer to question 20 consists of two answer choices. B. Students majoring in either social sciences or physical sciences constitute more than 50 percent of the total enrollment. C. The ratio of the number of males to the number of females in the senior class is less than 2 to 1. Question 21 Answer: B. [pic] 33 and 1 third percent Question 22 Answer: A. 12 Question 23 Answer: D. 4,400 Question 24 Answer: In question 24 you were asked to enter either an integer or a decimal number. The answer to question 24 is 10. Question 25 Answer: The answer to question 25 consists of 5 answer choices. B. 3. 0 C. 3. 5 D. 4. 0 E. 4. 5 F. 5. 0 This is the end of the answer key for Revised GRE Practice Test 1, Section 4. How to cite Revised GRE, Essay examples

Case Study Report Co-Morbidities

Question: Discuss about theCase Study Report for Co-Morbidities. Answer: Introduction: There is ample evidence available for the link between type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, renal disease and comorbid conditions of these disease conditions are well researched. People with obesity are 2.3 billion and type 2 diabetes are 365 million (Kawano and Arora, 2009). Particularly, in the older age people, there is the occurrence of chronic comorbid conditions of the above mentioned disease conditions rather than the occurrence of the individual disease. These comorbid diseases are more serious health issues and it is difficult to control these conditions. In this report, a patient with the occurrence of comorbid conditions of type 2 diabetes, overweight, hypertension, renal dysfunction, retinopathy and oedema is presented. The question here is how would a person develops different disease conditions? Is there any connecting link among these comorbid disease conditions? Pathophysiology of each of these conditions is being described and different pathways and biomarkers con necting these disease conditions are being mentioned. Also evidence for the occurrence of these comorbid conditions is described. Discussion: Type 2 Diabetes: This patient is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes i.e. increases in sugar level in the body. Fasting glucose level should be below 140 mg/dl and random blood glucose level should be below 180 mg/dl. Type 2 diabetes occurs either due to the resistance to the action of insulin or insufficient secretion of insulin from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. This insulin resistance, mainly occurs in the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Binding of insulin to its receptor results in the tissue specific actions such as inhibition of glucose production by liver, promotion of glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and inhibition of lipolysis in adipose tissue. In case of insulin resistance, there is the disturbance in the suppression of glucose production by liver, clearance of glucose by the liver and promotion of lipolysis by adipose tissue (Olefsky and Glass, 2010). In type 2 diabetes, beta cells become dysfunctional and there is no control of hyperglycaemia. Free fatty acids also induces, insulin resistance specifically in muscle by disturbing insulin signalling pathway. One of the intermediate products of triglyceride metabolism, diacylglycerol activates protein kinase C, which phosphorylate serine and threonine residues located at the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate, which results in the insulin resistance. Incretins are metabolic hormones, which stimulate insulin release and inhibit glucagon release. Hence, deficiency of incretins leads to the type 2 diabetes. Glucagon is a peptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas and it increases the glucose level by gluconeogenesis (glucose synthesis by liver and kidney) and glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen in glucose). Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects different body organs and their respective systems. It procures dyslipidaemia and hypertension. In case of dyslipidaemia, there is the increase in cholesterol (~60 %), low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (~41 %) and triglycerides (~51%) of the total cases. In another study, it has been quoted that about 65 % people have increased triglyceride and decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) (Mayer-Davis et al., 2009; Tryggestad and Willi, 2015). Type 2 Diabetes and Renal Complication Comorbidity: With this mentioned patient, there is the renal complication due to the type 2 diabetes. In the previous studies, it is evident that around 18-72 % type 2 diabetes patients developed nephropathy in the form of microalbuminuria and abnormal albumin to creatinine ratio (Tryggestad and Willi, 2015). Elevated levels of protein and glucose in the urine reflect proteinuria and diabetes, respectively and both these conditions leads to the renal failure. This proteinuria is associated with obesity and diabetes. In these type 2 diabetes patients there is the increase in the renal plasma flow and 25-50 % increase in the glomerular filtration rate. Increased reabsorption of the glucose and sodium in the proximal tubule is responsible for the increased glomerular filtration rate (Helal et al., 2012; Vallon, and Thomson, 2012). Hyperglycaemia also begins formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), increased expression of AGE receptor (RAGE), activation of polyol, hexosamine pathways and activation of protein kinase C (pkc) pathway. Oxidative stress in the mitochondria leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines like Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) and profibrotic growth factors like Transforming growth factor (TGF) and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). All these factors lead to the renal injury (Navarro-Gonzlez et al., 2011; Muskiet et al., 2014). This complex health condition affects patient and his family very seriously. Three can be possibility that patient can feel social withdrawal. That can be due to the frequent urination due to the renal complication in the patient. Also, patient loses his freedom on the food to be consumed due to diabetes. This also makes patient family low, however patient family should try to uplift patient moral. Overweight Condition: It is observed that mentioned patient is overweight. In overweight patient body mass index (BMI) should be between 25-30. Overweight condition results due to the imbalance in the energy intake and expenditure. There is the increase in the adipose tissue in the overweight people. There is the increase in the level of leptin, TNF-alpha, IL-6, angiotensin, plasminogen activator inhibitor and resistin in the overweight people. On the other hand, there is a decrease level of adiponectin in overweight people. Leptin is produced by the adipose tissue and considered as the satiety factor which gives signals of excess fat reserve in the body and bring about appetite control. However, most of the overweight people are leptin resistant. Along with the function as energy reservoir, adipose tissue also secrets adipokines like cytokines, hormones, growth factors, acute phase proteins, prostaglandins, glucocorticoids and sex steroids. In overweight people macrophages are permeated into the adipose tissue and consequently shift from macrophage M2 to macrophage M1 occurs. These hypertrophied adipose tissue along with M1 secrets proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6 (Maury and Brichard , 2010 ; Schmidt et al., 2015). Renin-angiotensin system in adipose tissue is an important connects for the association of obesity and hypertension. Angiotensin II plays a role in adipose tissue growth and differentiation (Mehri et al., 2010; Kalupahana and Moustaid-Moussa, 2012). Adiponectin is a collagen-like protein secreted by adipose tissues. Adiponectin induces energy expenditure. As there is less secretion of adiponectin in overweight people, energy expenditure is less. In mentioned patient there is the comorbid condition of overweight and type 2 diabetes. Occurrence of type 2 diabetes is more in the overweight people as compared to the type 1 diabetes. It is found that around 30 % overweight people are susceptible to the development of type 2 diabetes (Wang et al., 2015). Due to increase in the free fatty acids in the overweight patients, there is the decompensation of insulin producing beta cells and insulin resistance. These fatty acids get oxidised and produces reactive oxygen species, which activates IKK, NFk, TNF and JNK pathway. This JNK phosphorylate insulin receptor and produces decreased insulin signalling and insulin resistance. Overweight and Hypertension Comorbid Condition: Along with the overweight condition and type 2 diabetes, there is the elevated blood pressure in the mentioned patient. Around 25 % overweight people developed hypertension as compared to the normal people (Luo et al., 2013). Overweight people are associated with increased blood flow and hypertension. Increased leptin in the overweight people also produces hypertension through sympathetic activation. There is the increased renin activity in the overweight people, which activates renin-angiotensin system and results in the hypertension through sympathetic activation. Also there is the increased secretion of insulin in the overweight people, this insulin also stimulate renal reabsorption of sodium and leads to the hypertension (Richard., 2009). In overweight people renal dysfunction is more as compared to the normal people (Franchini et al., 2015). Increased level of the leptin in the obesity is responsible for the proteinuria. In overweight people, adipocytes exert inflammatory and en docrine function and produces vascular damage in the kidneys. Hence, there is the increased hyperfiltration and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), albumin excretion rate (AER) and microalbuminuria (Sanad and Gharib, 2011). In overweight people adipose tissue releases leptin, this stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal gland which is responsible for sodium retention and hypertension. Due to overweight and hypertension comorbid condition, patient cannot do more physical activity and cannot tolerate more stress. Patient may feel isolated in the social life. Due to this inactive state of patient, one of the family members should always be with the patient to take care of him. In this case family members cannot concentrate on their personal and professional work. This affects social and financial status of the family. Diabetic Retinopathy: Diabetic retinopathy, which is caused due to the increased retinal vascular permeability resulted in the vascular proliferation and vision loss. Diabetic retinopathy occurs in around 40-60 % patients with non-existing retinopathy and progression of retinopathy in around 30 % patients with existing retinopathy (Mayer-Davis et al., 2012). Hypertension: Normal blood pressure range is 100-140 mmHg systolic and 60-90 mmHg diastolic. Hypertension is considered if blood pressure is consistently above 140 mmHg systolic and 90 mmHg diastolic (Mancia et al., 2013). In hypertension, there is the increased resistance to blood flow i.e. increased peripheral resistance due to the narrowing of the small arteries and arterioles and also due to the less number of capillaries. Reduced peripheral venous compliance also plays role in hypertension, which causes venous return, elevate cardiac preload and finally results in the diastolic dysfunction. Main mechanisms involved in the hypertension are dysfunctional renin-angiotensin system, atypical sympathetic nervous system, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation. Renin stimulates adrenal gland to secret more aldosterone through reninangiotensinaldosterone system (RAAS), which induces sodium retention, which is responsible for hypertension. The sympathetic nervous system a lso acts through the same pathway by activating the RAAS system in the kidney. Excessive oxidative stress and vascular inflammation are responsible for the hypertension in the endothelial dysfunction. There is the increased activity of oxidative stress marker i.e. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in the hypertension (Dharmashankar and Widlansky, 2013). There is the increased production of inflammatory cytokines like Interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF in the hypertensive patients. (Gooch and Sharma, 2013). Hypertension has been reported to be in the range of 30-65 % patients with type 2 diabetes (Mayer-Davis et al., 2009; Ruhayel et al., 2010). Oedema: Ankle swelling is associated with loss of protein in the urine, which indicates renal failure, which is again due to the diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Due to the loss of protein in the urine, there is lower protein level in the blood of the patient, which leads to the ankle swelling. Due to hypoalbuminea there is the low capillary colloid oncotic pressure, which leads to the transfer of fluid from the vascular system to the interstitial fluid compartment and decreased circulatory volume. As a result, there is the compensatory renal sodium and water reabsorption, which leads to the development of oedema. Also kidney failure leads to the accumulation of fluid in the ankle region, which leads to the ankle swelling (Ellis, 2016). Metformin: Metformin is the first line treatment for the type 2 diabetes. Mentioned patient is consuming 500 mg BD metformin. Main action of metformin is through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, which prevents CREBCBPCRTC2 complex formation, resulting in the inhibition of gene transcription for gluconeogenesis. Along with hepatic glucose synthesis, metformin also enhances peripheral glucose uptake through the phosphorylation of Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) (Pryor and Cabreiro, 2015). In addition to the type 2 diabetes, metformin is proved to be effective in the albuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus which is one of the complications of the mentioned patient (Nasri and Rafieian-Kopaei, 2014). In previous studies, it has been shown that metformin is effective in weight reduction, however results from these studies were inconsistent (Park et al., 2009). Conclusion: This patient has type 2 diabetes since last 15 years, however it has not been taken care properly. Due to sustained high level of glucose this leads to the different conditions like hypertension, renal failure, blurred vision and oedema. Since, this patient worked as an accountant there is not much physical activity and moreover, there is less control over the diet and sedentary lifestyle, this patient became overweight over the time period. This overweight condition and along with the type 2 diabetes leads to different cardiovascular complications, nephropathy and retinopathy. Due to all these diseases, patient health condition becomes very complex and in this condition patient care should be done using an interdisciplinary team of respective departments. Along with medication, care should be provided to the patient in terms of diet, lifestyle changes and exercise. Because these conditions can be controlled by implementing all these strategies. References: Dharmashankar, K., Widlansky, M.E. (2010). Vascular Endothelial Function and Hypertension: Insights and Directions. Current Hypertension Reports, 12(6), 448455. Ellis, D. (2016). Pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of edema in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 3, 111. Franchini, S., Savino, A., Marcovecchio, M.L., Tumini, S., Chiarelli, F., Mohn, A. (2015). The effect of obesity and type 1 diabetes on renal function in children and adolescents. Pediatric Diabetes, 16(6), 427-33. Gooch, J.L., Sharma, A.C. (2014). Targeting the immune system to treat hypertension: where are we? Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 23(5), 473-9. Helal, I., Fick-Brosnahan, G.M., Reed-Gitomer, B., Schrier, R.W. (2012). Glomerular hyperfiltration: definitions, mechanisms and clinical implications. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 8, 293300. Kalupahana, N.S., Moustaid-Moussa, N. (2012). The renin-angiotensin system: a link between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance. Obesity Reviews, 13(2), 136-49. Kawano, J., Arora, R. (2009). The Role of Adiponectin in Obesity, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of the CardioMetabolic Syndrome, 4, 4449. Luo, W., Guo, Z., Hu, X., Zhou, Z., Zhang, L., Liu, J. (2013). A prospective study on association between 2 years change of waist circumference and incident hypertension in Han Chinese. International Journal of Cardiology, 167(6), 2781-5. Mancia, G. (2013). 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal, 34(28), 2159219. Maury, E., Brichard, S.M. (2010). Adipokine dysregulation, adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology , 314, 116. Mayer-Davis, E.J., Ma, B., Lawson, A, et al. (2009). Cardiovascular disease risk factors in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: implications of a factor analysis of clustering. Metabolic syndrome and related disorders, 7(2), 8995. Mayer-Davis, E.J., Davis, C., Saadine, J., et al. (2012). Diabetic retinopathy in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Cohort: a pilot study. Diabetic Medicine, 29(9), 114852. Mehri, S., Koubaa, N., Hammami, S., Mahjoub, S., Chaaba, R., Nakbi, A., et al. (2010). Genotypic interactions of renin-angiotensin system genes with diabetes type 2 in a Tunisian population. Life Sciences, 87, 4954. Muskiet, M.H.A. etal. (2014). The gutrenal axis: do incretin-based agents confer renoprotection in diabetes? Nature Reviews Nephrology, 10, 88103. Nasri, H., Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2014). Metformin: Current knowledge. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 19(7), 658664. Navarro-Gonzlez, J.F., Mora-Fernndez, C., Muros de Fuentes, M., Garca-Prez, J. (2011). Inflammatory molecules and pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 7, 327340. Olefsky, J.M., Glass, C.K. (2010). Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Annual Review of Physiology, 72, 219246. Park, M.H. (2009). Metformin for obesity in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Diabetes Care, 32(9), 1743-1745. Pryor, R., Cabreiro, F. (2015). Repurposing metformin: an old drug with new tricks in its binding pockets. Biochemical Journal, 471, 307322. Richard, N. Re. (2009). Obesity-related hypertension. Ochsner Journal, 9(3), 133136. Ruhayel, S.D, James, R.A., Ehtisham, S., Cameron, F.J., Werther, G.A., Sabin, M.A. (2010). An observational study of type 2 diabetes within a large Australian tertiary hospital pediatric diabetes service. Pediatric Diabetes, 11(8), 54451. Sanad, M., Gharib, A. (2011). Evaluation of microalbuminuria in obese children and its relation to metabolic syndrome. Pediatric Nephrology , 26, 21932199. Schmidt, F.M., Weschenfelder, J., Sander, C., Minkwitz, J. (2015). Inflammatory cytokines in general and central obesity and modulating effects of physical activity. Plos One, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0121971. Tryggestad, J.B., Willi, S. M. (2015). Complications and comorbidities of T2DM in adolescents: findings from the TODAY clinical trial. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 29(2), 307312. Vallon, V., Thomson, S.C. (2012). Renal function in diabetic disease models: the tubular system inthe pathophysiology of the diabetic kidney. Annual Review of Physiology, 74, 351375. Wang, C., Li, J., Xue, H., Li, Y., Huang, J., Mai, J., et al. (2015). Type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence in Chinese: contributions of overweight and obesity. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 107(3), 424-32.