Pms (Pre-Menstrual Syndrome) Defense Essays - Menstrual Cycle

Pms (Pre-Menstrual Syndrome) Defense The question has been posed, ?What characteristics of employees, other than those explicitly covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act, can employers consider when hiring, firing, or promoting employees. This is a question that has become critical to answer, as ADA claims exceeded 91,000 in number between 1992 and 1997. Of these claims, the agency discovered reasonable cause to believe that discrimination occurred in only 3.1% of the cases. Many of these claims were built on seemingly weak foundations. Actual cases of discrimination have been brought (and denied) on claims of disability due to myopia, body odor, infertility, and ?anxiety brought on by admonishment from a supervisor.? Considering the costs of defending oneself against a claim, how likely are firms to capitulate to the specter of impropriety? Put another way, even if a firm believes that a candidate for hiring or promotion is not qualified for advancement, is the possibility of the candidate raising issue under the ADA enough to scare the company into selecting them? This question becomes even more convoluted when the malady in question is a legitimately recognized disability, but is itself an offshoot of some other syndrome. The PMS Defense Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) affects nearly all women at some point during their reproductive years. Fifty percent of women suffer from PMS regularly throughout their lives, and as many as 10% of women seek medical help to alleviate the symptoms of PMS. While the question of whether or not PMS is disabling is a contestable topic, the symptoms of PMS are widely accepted as having a debilitating effect on one's life functions. These symptoms range from headaches and insomnia to irritability and fatigue and their negative affect on one's ability to work at peak performance seems to be a reasonable inference. You will have to search under many rocks to find a company that will discriminate against a candidate on the basis of her suffering from PMS. But it seems reasonable for a company to consider factors such as ability to get along with other employees, attendance record, and consistency of performance when determining (as one example) which candidate to promote to a managerial position. The underlying biology of PMS gives credence to claims of it as a disability. While there are some ?corrective steps? women can take to mitigate the effects of PMS (such as a well balanced diet or vitamin supplements or other medical intervention), there is little to nothing that can be done to do away with PMS altogether. PMS is caused by a drop in progesterone levels or an increase in estrogen levels at a relatively predictable period during a woman's menstrual cycle. Implications for employers PMS has successfully been used as a defense in a criminal case in at least one incident. A Virginia state court accepted a woman's claim that PMS caused her to ?become intoxicated more easily? and justified her hostility towards a Virginia State Trooper who had pulled her over for erratic driving. Her lawyer successfully argued that her PMS had caused her to become ?more irritable and hostile than other people?. Lets assume for a moment that this is a reasonable ruling by the Virginia court, and PMS can be considered a disability protected by the ADA. What are the implications for employers? What are the ?reasonable accommodations? an employer might be expected to take to ensure a fair environment? To illustrate the difficulty of this situation, let's consider an industry where human interaction is the predominant responsibility, such as a retail establishment. The primary responsibility of a retail establishment, such as a restaurant or hotel, is customer service. The fundamental requirement of customer service is pleasant human interaction. In order for an individual to represent a company well, employees must maintain a professional demeanor throughout their dealings with the customer. If a woman suffering from PMS is more likely to be impatient or hostile with a customer, does an employer have the right to consider that? In this environment where the most basic duty of the job requires interaction, moving the employee to a ?back-office? job might be considered onerous and unreasonable. There may not be a back office job available that fits the particular skill set of the woman in question. In a service environment

The Young Holden essays

The Young Holden essays J.D. Salinger, an American novelist and a short story writer, introduces a peculiar and a very special strange young man in an outstanding novel labeled The Catcher in the Rye. A troubled teen named Holden Caulfield, at the age of 16, tries to maintain the purity and realness of life. He rejects the society around him and continuously describes people and their behavior as phonies. He constantly feels lonely, miserable, depressed and not to belong to the environment he lives in. Although he is very immature, he feels he has grown up and hates people when they expect him to be more mature. He is a troubled young boy who is having difficulties trying to survive in the world around him. He cares for weakness and pure innocence. This is shown in his affection towards little children and the ducks in Central Park. He is a very affectionate sensitive guy, however, he tries not to show this part of his character to the reader. Throughout the novel, Holden does not completely become mature. He keeps on remembering the death of his younger brother, Allie. Just because somebodys dead, you dont just stop liking them, for Gods sake-especially if they were about a thousand times nicer than the people you know thatre alive and all(J.D. Salinger, 171). He keeps on repeating how smart and nice he is. Although he thinks high of his parents, he avoids them. He is socially hopeless. He does know many people and have friends, but is unable to form real friendships that last long. He feels like the only person he can talk to his little sister, Phoebe You should see her. You never saw a little kid so pretty and smart in your whole life. Shes really smart. I mean shes had all(J.D. Salinger, 67). Holden likes when everything he leaves behind stays the same way. He loves going to the Museum of Natural History. He used to go there since he was a little kid. The museum is one of the plac...

Learn How to Conjugate Reposer (to Rest) in French

Learn How to Conjugate Reposer (to Rest) in French Meaning to rest, the French  reposer  will be a useful addition to your vocabulary. The verb will need to be conjugated, however, if you want to say things such as rested or resting. This lesson will introduce you to the essential conjugations youll need for  reposer. The Basic Conjugations of  Reposer Reposer is a regular -er verb, which means it follows the conjugation pattern of the majority of French verbs. If you have studied words like tomber (to fall), poser  (to put), or any other regular verb that ends in -er, this lesson should be relatively easy. The indicative mood is the best place to begin. This includes the basic present, future, and imperfect past tenses which are used most often in French. The catch is that you need to memorize a new word for every subject pronoun within each tense.   Step one in any conjugation is identifying the verb stem (or radical). For  reposer, that is  repos-. To this, a variety of endings are added that correspond to the subject and the tense. Using the chart, you can find which endings are required. For example,  I am resting is  je repose  while we will rest is  nous reposerons. Present Future Imperfect je repose reposerai reposais tu reposes reposeras reposais il repose reposera reposait nous reposons reposerons reposions vous reposez reposerez reposiez ils reposent reposeront reposaient The Present Participle of  Reposer The  present participle  of regular -er  verbs is very easy to form. All you have to do is add -ant  to the radical. For  reposer,  that produces the word  reposant. Reposer  in the Compound Past Tense Passà © composà © is the French compound past tense and its used frequently, so its very good to know. Forming it is rather easy as well. Begin by conjugating the auxiliary verb  avoir  into the present tense to match the subject. Youll then follow that with the  past participle  reposà ©, which does not change with the subject but does indicate that someone has already rested. For example, I rested is  jai reposà ©Ã‚  and we rested is  nous avons reposà ©. More Simple Conjugations of  Reposer When youre uncertain if the act of resting will take place, you can turn to either  the subjunctive  or  the conditional. The main difference here is that the conditional says the resting will only happen if something else occurs as well. The passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  are literary tenses. Youll find these almost exclusively in formal writing. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je repose reposerais reposai reposasse tu reposes reposerais reposas reposasses il repose reposerait reposa repost nous reposions reposerions reposmes reposassions vous reposiez reposeriez repostes reposassiez ils reposent reposeraient reposrent reposassent If you want to tell someone to Rest! or use  reposer  in a similarly assertive statement,  the French imperative  can be used. This is one of those rare times when you dont need the subject pronoun, so simplify it from  tu repose  to  repose. Imperative (tu) repose (nous) reposons (vous) reposez

Corrections and community justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Corrections and community justice - Essay Example The warrant is served to the suspect verbally, and a copy given to him and arrest follows. Customarily, the suspect is arraigned before a judge a day or two following the issue of the warrant. Defense attorney represents the suspect, while the solicitor represents the state. The preliminary hearing involves submission of facts of the case and the determination by the judge, if the case can proceed to trial. At the plea stage, which follows preliminary hearings, the suspect is formally charged. The second hearing is conducted in front of grand jury, consisting of eighteen natives after which a trial is held either before a judge and the jury, or before a judge only. If a â€Å"guilty† plea is arrived at, the judge passes a sentence on the accused, but in cases dealing with death penalties, the jury is mandated to pass the sentence. In a criminal court, the government (the plaintiff) institutes a suit against a person(s) suspected of going against the law. There should be certainty for a â€Å"guilty† verdict to be passed. On the other hand, in a contemporary court, an individual (plaintiff) institutes legal proceedings against another (defendant). Reasonable doubt is never a

School Bullying in California Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

School Bullying in California - Research Paper Example In this strategy just like in the jigsaw puzzle, each student’s part is essential. For example, students in a history class are divided in to may be five groups and the task being to learn about World War 2. In one jigsaw group John can be responsible in researching about the rise to power of Adolf Hitler, May assigned to cover concentration Camps, Alex to cover Britain’s role in the war, Mike to research on the contribution of the Soviet Union. Eventually every student comes back to his jigsaw group and will try to present a well-organized report to the group. Thus if a member does not like the other he cannot do well on the test that follows (Barrows, 1998). This therefore encourages listening, engagement and empathy by giving everyone an essential part to play in the academic activity. Metro Center offers technical assistance that utilizes consultation methods which builds strong-client consultation relationtionship that result in sustained change and improvement. Thus district and school representatives take an active role in coming to understand and assess their own concerns rather than having to rely solely on the knowledge and skills outside experts. The NYS Spanish Bilingual Education Technical Assistance center which is funded by the New York State office of Bilingual Education and Foreign Language studies has a goal to enhance the knowledge and competencies of parents, educators and community member implementation (Barrows, 1998). Teaching specific skills and values: The policy should target areas identified as universally to students. Skill acquisition and publication should be addressed and their roles in academic and social adult role modeling. Holding Parent meetings: Involving parents is essential. Group discussion is necessary as it conveys what the students and parents are learning. Teachers and Parents have been supporting these policies

Mustang vs Camaro Essay Example for Free

Mustang vs Camaro Essay The Mustang and Camaro have been compared since the Camaro first came out in the late 1960’s. The Mustang was pretty much the only sports car that was also a muscle car. Well, of course Chevrolet had to compete with Ford so they came out with the Camaro. The release of the Mustang was followed closely by the release of the Camaro a few years later. There is no doubt about it that the team from Chevrolet had stolen a magnificent idea and plan. These two muscle cars began the path for a revolution in pony cars and racing. America fell in love with the Mustang and Camaro, which allowed Ford and Chevrolet to sell millions of them in just a few years. Ford has continuously been selling a large number of Mustangs ever since the beginning. Chevrolet had to stop their production of the Camaro. In 1961, the vice president and general manager of Ford, Lee Iacocca had a dream. He envisioned the Ford Mustang. It took several months to get approval for funding to go towards the Mustang through multiple discussions, meetings and market surveys. The funding was granted in 1962. The Mustang’s parts were mainly borrowed from the Falcon to help keep the costs of production low. The car offered a variety of options for the exterior, interior, etc. Buyers were able to choose if they wanted their mustang to be fast, fancy, economical or plain. Ford wanted the Mustang’s design to appeal to everyone and anyone. It was advertised as â€Å"the car to be designed by you†. The Camaro was based off of another Chevrolet car, the Nova. The Camaro had been designed to compete with Ford’s Mustang. Its code name was the Panther, before any information about the Camaro was ever leaked into the public. Chevrolet had wanted to keep their cars name’s beginning with the letter C. A few options for the Camaro had been Chevy II, Chevelle, Corvette, etc. Somehow they decided on Camaro, which a product manager of Chevrolet answered when asked what a Camaro is, he said â€Å"a small, vicious animal that eats Mustangs†. It was reported that General Motor researchers found in the French dictionary that Camaro was slang for friend or companion. Though is was rumored that the Ford Company had researched and discovered some other definitions to the word Camaro, such as â€Å"a shrimp-like creature† and an arcane for loose bowels. On March 9 of 1964, the first Mustang which was a white convertible with a v-8 engine came out of Dearborn Michigan. Then a month later the Ford Mustang came out in the world with its debut at the World’s Fair in Flushing Meadows, New York. The first Mustang that came out of the assembly line was in April of 1964. This first model of the Ford Mustang, which was the early 1965 or also known as the 1964  ½, was available as a convertible or coupe. It had a 170-cubic inch six cylinder engine with a three-speed floor shift transmission. A V8 engine was optional with a four-speed manual transmission or a three-speed automatic with a cruise transmission. The day of the grand opening for the Mustang over twenty two thousand were sold. Within its first twelve months, Ford sold close to four hundred seventeen thousand Mustangs. In eighteen months, roughly a million Mustangs had been sold. It was a huge hit with America. The first Camaro came out in September of 1966 but was the 1967 model, as it is referred to as. When it was first available there were hardly any extra or special options for the car. That changed within the next following years and so forth. The Camaro offered a V6 or V8 engine in convertible or coupe. When the 1969 Camaro models were introduced, the car had improved greatly. A new power option was a Z28 package which had formally been known as the RPO Z28 Camaro Special Performance Package. The Z28 was one of the first special options and it was originally designed to compete in the Sports Car Club of America, which is a racing club. There are four generations to the Chevrolet Camaro. The first generation was from 1967 to 1969. That model was offered in a coupe or convertible with the option of a 4.1 L, 4.9 L, 5.0L, 5.4L and a 5.7L in a V8 engine. The second generation was from 1970 to 1981. Chevrolet changed the styling to a wider and larger vehicle which produced a heavier Camaro. The third generation was from 1982 to 1992. They were the first model of Camaros that offered fuel injection. The fourth generation was from 1993 to 2002. It held onto the same basic characteristics as the original; a couple or convertible, rear-wheel drive and the choice of a V6 or V8 engine. For thirty five years Chevrolet had been producing the popular Camaro. Chevrolet claimed that they stopped production of the Camaro due to plant overcapacity, slowing sales, and fading market for sports coupes. Just recently in 2009, Chevrolet released the 2010 Camaro. We will see how they do this time around. The Ford Mustang currently has five generations. With each generation Ford made sure to improve the horse power. The first generation was from 1964  ½ to 1973. The second generation was from 1974 to 1978. It was originally based off of the Ford Maverick but instead they used the Ford Pinto in the end. Because of the way the economy was going at the time, Ford needed to build a smaller and more fuel-efficient Mustang. Not only did they need to do this to appeal to customers still but to also to capture people’s eye as the Energy Crisis erupted. The third generation was from 1979 to 1993. This generation model was based off of the ‘Fox’ platform. It had originally been created for the 1978 Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zephyr. The interior of the third generation was meant to be more comfortable even though the back seats were smaller. The trunk was larger though, as well as the engine bay. This allowed the car to be easier to work on and service. The body styles were coupes, at the time was also referred to as a notchback, and a hatchback. A convertible was not available until 1983. The fourth generation is from 1994 to 2004. This generation underwent the most drastic redesign in over fifteen years. It had been code named SS-95 by Ford. It was also a more recent and updated version of the Fox platform. This new styled generation took several styles from the earlier Mustangs. A new twist was that it was the first time since 1973 that a hatchback coupe was not available. The V6 was a 3.8 engine for the models of 1994 and 1995. Unfortunately, Ford stopped using the 5.0L V8 for the GTs. The 5.0L had been used for around 40 years, it was a drastic change. But the 5.0L was used last on the 1994 and 1995 models. The new GT engine would be a 4.6L. For the 1999 to 2004 models the Mustang had a new edge styling theme for the body. It included sharper contours, creases in the bodywork and even larger wheel arches. The chassis and interior design remained the same was the previous model. And last but most definitely not least is the fifth generation which is the current generation from 2005 to present. At the 2004 North American International Auto Show, a new Mustang was introduced. It had been codenamed S-197. This new generation closely resembled the fastback Mustangs from the late 1960s. This new model was called as â€Å"retro-futurism† by Ford’s senior vice president of design. The V6 now had a 4.0L engine instead of a 3.8L engine. A brand new option that was first available for the 2009 Mustangs was a glass sun roof. The 2010 Mustang was unveiled by Ford before the Los Angeles International Auto Show. The 2010 Mustang mainly held the same look as the previous year’s model but with a modified exterior. Ford was looking for a leaner and muscular appearance for their 2010 Mustang. For the first time ever the Mustang had a reverse camera system to help drivers while backing up. Though, this feature is not available on basic V6’s. The 2011 Mustang should be out around the spring of 2010 and it is a very anticipated model. It will closely resemble the 2010 model, with perhaps some slight changes to the rear. It is hard to find information on the upcoming 2011 Mustang. One thing is for sure though, Ford is bringing back the 5.0L engine for it which excites many. Still to this day the Ford Mustang is running strong. The Mustang has even more varieties, variations and options. There is no other vehicle out there that has as many options as the Mustang does. So many different types branch off of the â€Å"Mustang†. Several examples are: Cobra, Shelby, Super Snake, Saleen, Mach 1, Fastback, California Special, Bullit, High Country Special, Boss, etc. They are never ending. There are so many differences and similarities between these two famous and popular pony cars. There is even so much more that a person can compare and contrast about Mustangs and Camaros. Not only because of the years, numerous changes, and that it is – after all – a car, but also because they have had a heated and natural rivalry since the very beginning. Oddly enough, it was rather difficult to find a lot of information and details on the Camaro, especially compared to the Mustang. The Mustang had numerous of information that was able to be found. And, remember the Mustang started it all in 1964, and has not stopped since!

Economic Policy Essay -- essays research papers fc

Economic Policy The new economic policy of the united states should include cutting taxes, reducing governmental waste, and balance the budget by having a smaller more efficient federal government. It should include equal opportunity for financial security but not through a government sponsored redistribution of wealth program. Cutting taxes across the board including income tax rates, capital gains and estate taxes among others should provide a growth spurt for the economy. Allowing people and businesses to keep more of their hard earned money would enable them to spend more money. People would be able to buy more cars, refrigerators, homes etc. The businesses would be able to build new factories with better more efficient high tech equipment. These new factories and expanded businesses would employee more highly paid workers which would expand the tax base and allow us to be more competitive in the world marketplace. Reducing the taxes would also motivate people to work harder and save more. The way things are now people can not seem to get ahead no matter how hard they work. The harder they work the more the government takes while others who choose not to work hard or have not developed the skills to earn a decent wage reap the same and in many cases more benefits. For example student loans and grants for college board and tuition fees are largely unavailable to lower middle class families let alone middle and upper middle class people. Reducing taxes on businesses would also allow them to invert more on new product development and research which in many instances the federal government now subsidizes which requires management. This government management bureaucracy cost tax payers money and is unnecessary because free market demands and the extra money they would save from tax cuts would motivate businesses to fund these programs themselves. This is just an example of what a smaller more efficient federal government. "Citizens in the united states today pay 38.2 percent of there income in taxes every year" (RNC Talking Points). This is way to much money for Americans to be paying. "Cutting everyone's taxes by 15 percent and giving them a 500 dollar per child tax credit would cut a typical families tax bill in half, a... ...Review and Outlook Dole and Taxes." The Wall Street Journal 29 July 1996: A12 Sepp, Peter J. "Are Republicans Serious About Cutting Fat?" New York Times 30 Aug. 1995: A17 "Dole Hopes Tax-Cut Move Will Energize His Campaign, but Which taxes to Cut?" The Wall Street Journal 15 may 1996: A16 "A Vote for a Sensible Center." Business Week 18 Nov. 1996: 194 "The National Debt. It's Eating Us Alive!" Internet http://www.europa.com/~blugene/deficit/debt.html "The Balance Sheet -- August 11, 1995." Internet http://www.rnc.ogr/news/balance/bal-950815.html "RNC Talking Points Cutting Taxes and Balancing the Budget Bill Clinton's Dirty Little Secret: A $64 Billion Tax Increase" Internet http://www.rnc.org/news/talking/tp-960913.html

Taino and Kalinago

Excerpt from the book Crossroads of Empire: The European-Caribbean Connection, 1492-1992, by Alan Gregor Cobely; pgs 23-30 TAINO AND KALINAGO RESISTANCE TO EUROPEANS According to recent archaeological evidence, the Kalinago were the last migrant group to settle in the Caribbean prior to the arrival of the Europeans in 1492. The Columbus mission found three native groups, of different derivation and cultural attainments, but all of whom entered the Caribbean from the region of South America known as the Guianas. These were the Ciboney, the Taino (Arawaks) and the Kalinago.The Ciboney had arrived about 300 B. C. , followed by the Taino, their ethnic relatives, about 500 years later and who by 650 A. D. had migrated northwards through the islands establishing large communities in the Greater Antilles. Starting their migration into the islands from about 1000 A. D. , Kalinagos were still arriving at the time of the Columbus landfall. They were also in the process of establishing control over territory and communities occupied by Tainos in the Lesser antilles, and parts of the Greater Antilles.When the Spanish arrived in the northern Caribbean, therefore, they found the Tainos to some extent already on the defensive, but later encountered Kalinagos whom they described as more prepared for aggression. Kalinagos, like their Taino cousins and predecessors, had been inhabiting the islands long enough to perceive them as part of their natural, ancestral, survival environment. As a result, they prepared themselves to defend their homeland in a spirit of defiant â€Å"patriotism,† having wished that the ‘Europeans had never set foot in their country. From the outset, however, European colonial forces were technologically more prepared for a violent struggle for space since in real terms, the Columbus mission represented in addition to the maritime courage and determination of Europe, the mobilisation of large scale finance capital, and of science and technolog y for imperialist military ends. This process was also helped by the frenzied search for identity and global ranking by Europeans through the conquest and cultural negation of other races.In the Greater Antilles, Tainos offered a spirited but largely ineffective military resistance to the Spanish even though on occaision they were supported by the Kalinago. This was particularly clear in the early sixteenth century in the case of the struggle for Puerto Rico in which Kalinagos from neighbouring St. Croix came to Taino assistance. In 1494, Columbus led an armed party of 400 men into the interior of Hispaniola in search of food, gold and slaves to which Taino caciques mobilised their armies for resistance.Guacanagari, a leading cacique, who had tried previously to negotiate an accomodating settlement with military commander Alonso de Ojeba, marched unsuccessfully in 1494 with a few thousand me on the Spanish. In 1503, another forty caciques were captured at Hispaniola and burnt alive by Governor Ovando's troops; Anacaona, the principal cicique was hung publicly in Santo Domingo. In Puerto Rico, the Spanish settlement party, led by Ponce de Leon, was attacked frequently by Taino warriors; many Spanish settlers were killed but Tainos and Kalinagos were defeated and crushed in the counter assault.In 1511, resistance in Cuba, led by cacique Hatuey, was put down; he was captured and burnt alive; another rising in 1529 was also crushed. In these struggles, Taino fatalities were high. Thousands were killed in battle and publicly executed for the purpose of breaking the spirit of collective resistance; some rebels fled to the mountains and forests where they established maroon settlements that continued intermittently the war against the Spanish.By the middle of the the sixteenth century, however, Taino and Kalinago resistance had been effectively crushed in the Greater Antilles; their community structures smashed, and members reduced to various forms of enslavement in Spanish agricultural and mining enterprises. In the Lesser Antilles, however, the Kalinago were more successful in defying first the Spanish, and then later the English and French, thereby preserving their political freedom and maintaining control of their territory. As the labor supply on Espanola declines, attention turned to the southern islands† which from St. Croix, neighbouring Puerto Rico, to the Guianas were inhabited by the Kalinagos. Spanish royal edicts dated November 7, 1508 and July 3, 1512, authorised settlers to capture and enslave Kalinagos on ‘the island of Los Barbudos (Barbados), Dominica, Matinino (Martinique), Santa Lucia, San Vincente, La Asuncion (Grenada), and Tavaco (Tobago),' because of their ‘resistance to Christians. By the end of the sixteenth century, however, the Spanish had decided, having accepted as fact the absense of gold in the Lesser Antilles, and the inevitability of considerable fatalities at the hands of Kalinago warriors, t hat it was wiser to adopt a ‘hands off policy' while concentrating their efforts in the Greater Antilles. As a result, the Greater and Lesser Antilles became politically separated at this time by what Troy Floyd described as a ‘poison arrow curtain. ‘The English and French initiating their colonizing missions during the early seventeenth century, therefore, had a clear choice. They could either confront the Spanish north of the ‘poison arrow curtain' or Kalinago forces south of it. Either way, they expected to encounter considerable organized aremed resistance. They chose the latter, partly because of the perception that Kalinagos were the weaker, but also because of the belief that Kalinagos were the ‘common enemy' of all Europeans and that solidarity could be achieved for collective military operations against them.Having secured some respite from the pressures of Spanish colonization by the end of the sixteenth century, then, Kalinagos were immediate ly confronted by the more economically aggressive and militarily determined English and French colonists. Once again, they began to reorganize their communities in preparation for counter strategies. This time, it would be a clear case of resistance on the retreat. B the 1630s, their rapidly diminishing numbers were being consolidated around a smaller group of specially chosen islands – mostly in the Windwards but also in the Leewards.By this time, for instance, Barbados, identified in a Spanish document of 1511 as an island densely populated with Kalinagos, no longer had a native presence. Europeans understood the significance of this reorganization and resettlement of Kalinago communities, and established their infant colonies in peripheral parts of the Leeward Islands where their presence was less formidable, and in Barbados where it was now absent. The English and French then were aware that most of their settlement would have to come to terms with Kalinago resistance. hi s expectation, however, did not deter them, and they continued to seek out island niches where an effective foothold could be gained until such time as Kalinago forces could be subdued and destroyed by their respective imperial forces. The English and French sought the passification of the Kalinago for two distinct, but related reasons, and over time adopted different strategies and methods but maintained the ideological position that they should be enslaved, driven out, or exterminated.First, lands occupied by the Kalinago were required for large scale commodity production within the expansive, capitalist, North Atlantic agrarian complex. The effective integration of the Caribbean into this mercantile and productive system require the appropriation of land through the agency of the plantation enterprise Finance capital, then sought to revolutionize the market value of Kalinago lands by making them available to European commerical interests.By resisting land confiscation Kalinagos w ere therefore confronting the full ideological and economic force of Atlantic capitalism. Second, European economic activities in the CAribbean were based upon the enslavement of Indigenes and imported Africans. The principal role and relation assigned to these and other non-Europeans within the colonial formation was that of servitude. Europeans in the Lesser Antilles, however, were not successful in reducing an economic number of Kalinago to chattle slavery, or other forms of servitude.Unlike the Taino, their labour could not be effectively commodified, simply because their communities proved impossible to subdue. It was not that the Kalinago were more militant than the Taino. Rather it was because the nomadic nature of their small communities and their emphasis upon territorial acquisition, in part a response to the geographical features of the Lesser Antilles, enabled them to make more effective use fo the environment in a ‘strike and sail' resistance strategy.Kalinago, th en, while not prepared to surrender either land or labour to Europeans, were better placed to implement effective counter-aggression. Primarily becuase of their irrepressible war of resistance, which intimidated all Europeans in the region, Kalinago were targeted first for an ideological campaign in which they were established within the European mind, not as ‘noble savages,' as was the case with the less effective Taino, but as vicious cannibals' worthy of extermination within the context of genocidal military expeditions. Voluminous details were prepared by Spanish and later English and French colonial choroniclers on the political and ideological mentality of the Kalinago, most of whom called for ‘holy wars' against ‘les sauvages' as a principal way to achieve their subjugation.This literature, dating back to Columbus in 1494, in a contradictory fashion, denied Kalinago humanity while at the same time outlined their general anti-colonial and anti-slavery conscio urnes and attitudes. In the writings of many Europeans of the seventeenth century, the Kalinago are presented as a people who could ‘prefer to die of hunger than live as a slave. ‘ – Excerpt from the book Crossroads of Empire: The European-Caribbean Connection, 1492-1992, by Alan Gregor Cobely; pgs 23-30

My view on scent of woman

This film Is about a young man named Charles who studies In a middle school and the e Thanksgiving Day he wants to go home with his family, but he has not enough moon y so he Is going to work as a companion of Colonel Frank who Is a strange, blind, Ion Ely man. First, Charles wants to finish this task for money, but when he lives with the Colonel, he finds himself. On the other hand, there Is a terrible thing disturbs him, w hither he should tell the true about who have done the thing which makes the head master embarrassing and have destroyed the school rule.The headmaster tells Chart sees that if he doesn't tell him the true he will be fired. At the end, he doesn't tell who d this thing, and Frank is proud of him, the students from this school also cheer up of r him. In my opinion, this film is very good. Not only because of its wonderful story but also I t tell us that we should maintain our principle. Nowadays, more and more people are selfish, but Charles can maintain his princi ple, it's difficult for him to do that. Because he doesn't tell the true that he will be fired.At first, I see this film's name, I think this film maybe about the woman, but when I finish this film, I know that this is not about Oman but about two men. I am moved by this film, because there are many reasons for me to move by this film. The most moved screen is that when the woman says that t Charles wont be fired from school, almost all students cheer up for him. That is not only Charles' personal win but also the spirit that keeping principle's win. In this film, there is another man who makes me impressed, his name is Frank.Frank is blind, an d because of this makes him go to the bottom of life, but the tourism of New York hell him find himself, and he finds the life passion again. Nowadays, more and more persons lose themselves; they are selfish, dishonest, and s nobles. They lose their soul. But in our society there also are people like Charles. So when we meet the setbacks, we should remember the Colonel's word: Person's life Juju SST a few decades, the most important thing Is to not let their own, and malting a com plate soul. Because of a broken leg missing arm Is not the ugliest, Incompleteness Is t he soul of the ugliest!

Atomic Number 2 on the Periodic Table

Atomic Number 2 on the Periodic Table Helium is the element that is atomic number 2 on the periodic table. Each helium atom has 2 protons in its atomic nucleus. The atomic weight of the element is  4.0026. Fast Facts: Atomic Number 2 Element Name: HeliumElement Symbol: HeAtomic Number: 2Atomic Weight: 4.002Classification: Noble GasState of Matter: GasNamed For: Helios, the Greek Titan of the SunDiscovered By: Pierre Janssen, Norman Lockyer (1868) Interesting Atomic Number 2 Facts The element is named for the Greek god of the sun, Helios, because it was initially observed in a previously unidentified yellow spectral line during the 1868 solar eclipse. Two scientists observed the spectral line during this eclipse: Jules Janssen (France) and Norman Lockyer (Britain). The astronomers share credit for the element discovery.Direct observation of the element did not occur until 1895, when Swedish chemists Per Teodor Cleve and Nils Abraham Langlet identified helium emanations from cleveite, a type of uranium ore.A typical helium atom contains 2 protons, 2 neutrons, and 2 electrons. However, atomic number 2 can exist without any electrons, forming what is called an alpha particle. An alpha particle has an electrical charge of 2 and is emitted during alpha decay.The isotope containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons is called helium-4. There are nine isotopes of helium, but only helium-3 and helium-4 are stable. In the atmosphere, there is one atom of helium-3 for every milli on helium-4 atoms. Unlike most elements, the isotopic composition of helium greatly depends on its source. So, the average atomic weight may not really apply to a given sample. Most of the helium-3 found today was present at the time of the Earths formation. At ordinary temperature and pressure, helium is an extremely light, colorless gas.Helium is one of the noble gases or inert gases, which means it has a complete electron valence shell so its not reactive. Unlike gas of atomic number 1 (hydrogen), helium gas exists as monatomic particles. The two gases have comparable mass (H2 and He). Single helium atoms are so small they pass between many other molecules. This is why a filled helium balloon deflates over time the helium escapes through tiny pores in the material.Atomic number 2 is the second most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen. However, the element is rare on Earth (5.2 ppm by volume in the atmosphere) because nonreactive helium is light enough that it can escape Earths gravity and be lost to space. Some types of natural gas, such as that from Texas and Kansas, contain helium. The primary source of the element on Earth is from liquefaction from natural gas. The largest supplier of the gas is the United States. The source of helium is a non-renewable resource, so there may come a time when we run out of a practical source for this element. Atomic number 2 is used for party balloons, but its primary use is in the cryogenic industry for cooling superconducting magnets. The principal commercial use of helium is for MRI scanners. The element is also used as a purge gas, to grow silicon wafers and other crystals, and as a protective gas for welding. Helium is used for research into superconductivity and the behavior of matter at a temperature approaching absolute zero.One distinctive property of atomic number 2 is that this element cannot be frozen into a solid form unless it is pressurized. Helium remains liquid down to absolute zero under normal pressure, forming a solid at temperatures between 1 K and 1.5 K and 2.5 MPa pressure. Solid helium has been observed to possess a crystalline structure. Sources Hampel, Clifford A. (1968).  The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp.  256–268.Meija, J.; et al. (2016). Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91.Shuen-Chen Hwang, Robert D. Lein, Daniel A. Morgan (2005). Noble Gases.  Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383.  Weast, Robert (1984).  CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp.  E110.

A Reflection on the Improvement in My Reading, Writing, and Learning

A Reflection on the Improvement in My Reading, Writing, and Learning Reading, Writing, and Learning Process Reflection Through taking this class, I have significantly improved in my reading, writing, and learning! I have noticed these improvements several times as I have written assignments for other classes, as well as reading in general. I have focused on my strengths and aimed to fix my weaknesses. This growth and expansion is unique to this semester for me. I have never felt as confident about these skills until completion of this course. These skills will follow me into my future career, and I am appreciative of this opportunity. Prior to this course, I was not good at discovering hidden meanings and ideas in readings, and had many grammatical issues. Now, I have strengthened in both areas, thanks to the ideas and reflections presented in throughout the entire semester. Reading has always been a struggle for me. Not reading out loud, more finding the hidden themes and so forth in texts. However, this course required that we read and analyze articles such as the one by Fallow. This weakness made these writings somewhat difficult. I had to read and research a lot, however, by doing so, I learned the proper mechanisms to complete such tasks. Now, I feel confident about putting the puzzle pieces together. I can more easily pick out the hidden themes and issues that authors include in their writings. This is a great skill to master, and I am very fortunate to have such assignments that focus on enabling me to strengthen such weaknesses. Reading is not only about speaking, but also about how to find ideas and make sense of the presented materials. Reading is very essential to the entire process, because once one is familiarized with proper reading techniques , they can also improve in other areas such as writing. Through this class, my writing skills have also improved significantly. I have noticed these changes after my improvements in reading concluded. The two go together and one improves, the other follows. Initially, I dreaded writing. It is very hard to write when English is not your first language. However, now I actually enjoy writing, and use it as a way to express my thoughts and ideas. Writing is one of the most important skills that any student can possess. If one is good in writing, they can change the world. I noticed, in my initial writings, I had many grammatical errors. However, these instances are fewer now. Which I feel very proud to say. Grammar is very confusing, however, through revisions, and criticism, I have learned where my common mistakes were primarily. It was basically tense related, my errors, that is. I had a hard time deciphering which tense to use in sentences. However, I have significantly improved in such cases. I have employed an entirely new thought process through these improvements. I have learned that sometimes criticism is needed. I have learned that we all have weaknesses and these should not bring us down. I have certainly gained a more proactive attitude towards improving in things that I have struggled with for a long time. Before this change, I use to have a negative though process. Each time I faced something I struggled with I would immediately dread it. Now, when I think negatively, I can immediately reflect on more positive aspects. Like how much I have improved in all three of these skills. In the future, I hope that I can write and read at an expert level. This can be accomplished through reading and writing daily. Practice does not make perfect, but it does lead to improvements. Revisions and peer based criticism is certainly needed through this process. This is how I realized the majority of my errors in both categories. In the future, I hope to carry over the many skills I have taken with me this semester, while also aiming for more enhancements.

Shakespeare Othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Shakespeare Othello - Essay Example Shakespeare’s play Othello is set in Venice and Cyprus and involves a general named Othello, a person of black decent living among the whites. Despite having an African heritage, Othello is a general in the Venetian army and is happily married to Desdemona, a white woman (Othello 870). However, Roderigo; a rich young man was jealous of the marriage between Desdemona and Othello since he had been pursuing her love in vain. Therefore, he unites with Iago who hates Othello for favoring the inexperienced soldier, Michael Cassio. Othello promoted Cassio to the lieutenant position instead of Iago who had a lot of experience. They ganged up against Othello and started planning on how to ruin both his marriage and life. Discrimination occurs due to various reasons such as envy, desire for power and fear. Racism is frequently viewed in terms of morphological features like hair type, skin color, as well as facial looks (Rizzo 65). Just like in Shakespeare’s plays, Moors and other foreigners are identified by use of skin color. This play actually presents racist message when Othello, a character of African origin is insulted due to his race. For instance, in the play, he is referred as â€Å"The lustful Moor† (Shakespeare 2.1.290) Consequently, Othello is regarded as â€Å"An old black ram†¦ tupping your white ewe† (Shakespeare, 1.1.110-6). Consequently, he is seen as â€Å"a Barbary horse† to †¦, make the beast †¦backs† (Shakespeare 1.1.110-6). These are racist insults of animal imagery directed at Othello because of is of African origin. He is seen as animal of lower status compared to the whites within Venice. However, I do not agree with the assessment of the play and the playwright that Shakespeare is a racist. This is because Shakespeare never considered race a central theme in his works. Instead, his comprehensive soul established an impressive racial vision. He comprehended many things related to racism there by making him develop an impartial attitude towards different races within his surroundings (Moore 121). Consequently, five of Shakespearean plays focused on racial problems within his white centered Christendom society. This clearly proves that Shakespeare identifies the existence of racial differences though he is not a racist. Despite presence of sexual jokes as well as animal imagery directed to Othello, it is wrong for critics to consider Shakespeare a racist. Shakespeare is an impartial and humanitarian dramatist championing for interracial equality liberty, as well as fraternity. In fact, he encourages everyone to shy away or come out of racial bond, which cuts human hearts. Thus, we should discard racism since it cuts human hearts resulting in tragedies rather than curing the same (Bloom 78). Further, some critics argue that the sexual jokes as well as animal imagery within the play are forms of racial discrimination directed by Shakespeare towards Othello. For instance, he is referred as an old black ram spoiling Brabantio’s white ewe. The other instance is when Othello is considered a Barbary horse covering Desdemona would later produce a beast with two backs (Shakespeare 1.1.110-6). Consequently, Othello is portrayed as a person who gets angry faster. This is proved when he believes in the lies of Iago concerning the purported affair between her and Cassio. The lie angers him so much and makes him jealous of Cassio. Later, it